Psychology 101: Introductory Psychology
Fall 2006--Professor Fong
Midterm
#2—Information and Review Questions
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Location: As with Midterm #1, the midterm exam will be held in different locations, depending on last name:
|
If your last name begins with... |
Report
to this location:
|
|
A–H |
Humanities
Theatre, Main Floor |
|
I–Ri |
Humanities
Theatre, Balcony |
|
Ro–V |
Ron
Coutts Hall (RCH) 302 |
|
W–X |
Ron
Coutts Hall (RCH) 207 |
|
Y–Z |
Ron
Coutts Hall (RCH) 206 |
Format and content: The format of the midterm will be the same as Midterm #1. It will not be cumulative (that is, it will not include material from Midterm 1):
Multiple Choice: As indicated in the Course Outline, Midterm #2 will include multiple choice questions from Chapters 8-13 and 15 in the Myers textbook. There will be 5 questions each taken from these 7 chapters, for a total of 35 questions (the same number of questions as in Midterm #1).
Short Answer: The material from the first midterm to the material I get through on Tuesday's class will be covered. In addition to the lecture material, I distributed two sets of lecture notes: Notes on Developmental Psychology, and Notes on Hypnosis. You will be responsible for that material as well.
The review questions below should help you study for the short answer questions. In addition, I am distributing the short answer questions from Fall 2005's Midterm #2. The answers to the Fall 2005 short answer questions will be available on the Psych 101, Midterm 2 website early next week.
As with Midterm #1, the point totals for the short answer section will be about the same as the point totals for the multiple choice section.
Answers
to these review questions: I will be making an audio recording of the
answers to the review questions and these will be available as MP3 files on the
Psych 101 Midterm 2 website on Tuesday.
Psychology
101 Hot Line: The ever-popular
Psych 101 Hot Line will be open on Wednesday, Nov 15, 9:30–10:30 pm.
The number will be given out next week. (The number is 519-886-4732. Please
call only during that one-hour period.) Operators
will be standing by.
On the questions below, a * indicates that I might not have
covered this topic during my lecture (so don't worry about it for the
midterm). Because I had to
construct this list over one week before the midterm, I had to include review
questions for lectures I haven't yet given, so there may be some differences.
Remember that on the Review Questions for Midterm #1, there
were questions that were not covered on that previous midterm because we had
not gotten to that material. But
those questions will be covered on this Midterm #2. I repeat those questions in the first
part of the questions that follow:
Note that there are slight changes in
the first few questions here to reflect a slightly different presentation of
the material than had been anticipated in my MT1 review questions
(specifically, #117 on teratogens has been added).
113. Describe
the Rosenzweig experiments on how a rich environment affects the brain. What is the significance of the
increase of acetylcholine in the brain of the rat who has been in a rich
environment?
114. Describe
Greenough's findings on putting middle-aged and elderly rats in enriched
environments.
115. What
does it mean to say that the brain has remarkable plasticity?
116. What
is the effect of radiation on brain development, as demonstrated by studies of
children/adults who were developing as fetuses when the atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima/Nagasaki?
117. What
is a teratogen? Why is it that teratogens (such as radiation and alcohol) cause
the most lasting damage between 8-16 weeks after conception--what is going
on in fetal development during that time?
118. How
does alcohol affect the brain of the fetus? How does it affect behavior after birth?
119. What
are glial cells and what is their role in the migration of neurons in the brain
during fetal development?
120. How
does alcohol affect the migration of brain cells in the fetus?
121. What
characterizes a person who has damage to the frontal lobes? What is a perseverative error?
122. What
are the effects of moderate prenatal use of alcohol (1-2 drinks/day) by the
mother on the child?
123. What
is the distinction between sensation and perception?
124. Describe
the debate between the empiricists (e.g., Locke, James) and the nativists
(e.g., Descartes, Kant) concerning whether infants can perceive the world.
125. Describe
the four methods for studying infant sensation and perception (preference
method, habituation method, evoked potentials, high-amplitude sucking)
126. What
did Fantz find that very young infants preferred to look at?
127. What
is the problem with preference studies, i.e., when are the results hard to
interpret?
128. What
is habituation? What are examples
from adult life?
129. Why
is habituation the most popular for studying infant sensation and perception?
130. Describe
the high-amplitude sucking paradigm.
131.* Describe
Leslie Cohen's research on infants' understanding of the concept of an angle.
132.* What
is the significance of studying premature infants in understanding the
capabilities of infants?
133.* What
does it mean that the 3-month old infant responds more dramatically to the
presentation of a new stimulus, as compared to an adult? Why does this happen--that is, why are
infants so responsive?
And now, here are the new
review questions:
134. What
was James Vicary's claim about the effects of subliminal messages on food
consumption in movie theaters?
What is the truth about his claim?
135. Describe
the Sidis (1898) study on subliminal perception--what does it say about the
possibility that information gets into the perceptual system without conscious
awareness?
136. It
seems paradoxical that we could perceive without awareness, if perception is an
all-or-none process. But what is a
more accurate way of thinking about perception, and how does this more accurate
way help us understand perception without awareness?
137. What
is the full-report technique vs. the partial-report technique? What does it tell us about the
perceptual process?
138. How
did Sperling (1960) use the partial-report technique to demonstrate that there
was more in the perceptual system than could be immediately reported? Describe his study.
139. What
is iconic memory?
140. About
how long does the icon last?
141. Why
can't we report all 9 or 12 of the stimuli in Sperling's task when we use the
full-report technique?
142. What
is an example of attended vs. unattended channel?
143. What
is the dichotic listening task?
What does it tell us about attention?
144. What
kinds of information are particularly likely to be noticed even when presented
in the unattended channel?
145. What
is the cocktail-party effect?
146. Describe
the Corteen and Wood (1973) study on GSR responses in the nonattended
channel.
147. What
is the blindsight phenomenon?
148. Do
psychologists believe that subliminal perception is possible?
149. Evaluate
Wilson Bryan Key's claims about the presence of hidden sexual stimuli in print
advertising. Compare his claims to
those made in the Judas Priest trial.
150. What
did Pratkanis et al. (1990) do to demonstrate the effects of labeling on
expectations of subliminal effects?
151. Describe
the CBC study that demonstrates how expectations affect beliefs in subliminal
effects.
152. What
have psychologists concluded about subliminal effects on behavior?
153. Why
do people continue to believe in subliminal influence?
154. What
are the historical factors that led to the hysteria surrounding subliminal
claims during the 1950's?
155. What
are Circadian rhythms?
156. Describe
how time of day affects biological variables (body temperature, immune
functioning, performance measures, effects of drugs).
157. What
part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythms?
158. What
is it about the location of that part of the brain (suprachiasmatic nucleus, a
part of the hypothalamus) that suggests that the perception of light is an
essential feature of circadian rhythms (setting or resetting the biological
clock)?
159. What
did scientists find when they measured the pattern of electrical activity in
the suprachiasmatic nucleus when it was extracted from the brain and kept alive
in a petri dish?
160.* What does the
suprachiasmatic nucleus produce that may explain how it communicates
information about time of day to the rest of the body?
161.* What is the
relationship between time of day and the use of stereotypes in judgments about
people?
(describe
Bodenhausen's study)
162. At
what time of day should you go to the dentist (so that the effect of the
anesthesia is greatest)?
163. How
does shifting work schedules (e.g., day shift to midnight shift) affect work
performance?
164. About
how long does it really take for your body to adjust to a time shift of
one hour?
165. What
are the three kinds of measurements sleep researchers use to study sleep?
166. What
was the traditional view of sleep (before the 1950's)?
167. Describe
the extraordinary discovery Kleitman and Aserinsky made that changed sleep
research.
168. What
are the four stages of sleep? How
are they distinguished in brain wave patterns?
169. What
is REM sleep? Describe the
physiological/brain wave differences between REM and NREM sleep.
170. What
kinds of physiological changes take place in REM sleep?
171. How
does the amount of REM sleep change throughout the night?
172. What
kinds of animals get REM sleep?
173. What
is the relationship between amount of REM sleep and position on the
evolutionary ladder?
174. How
does amount of REM sleep change as the human infant grows to adulthood?
175.* What are the
effects of lack of sleep?
176. What
is the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming?
177.* Describe the
study testing the claim that dreams are not instantaneous. What were the findings?
178.* Can outside
stimuli affect the content of a dream?
179. What
is Freud's theory of dreams? What
was the goal of his book, The Interpretation of Dreams?
180. What
is the distinction between manifest content and latent content of a dream?
181. How
did dreaming provide the key to Freud for arguing that his psychoanalytic
theory was applicable to everyone?
182. What
would Freud think about today's popular books that translate dream symbols into
their supposed meaning?
183. How
did Freud differ from Jung about the nature of symbols in dreams?
184. Did
Freud believe in universal symbols in dreams?
185. What
was the method that Freud used to help people interpret their dreams?
186. Describe
Hobson's neuropsychological theory of dreaming (the activation-synthesis
model). Contrast it with Freud's
theory.
187. What
is the difference between REM-on and REM-off brain cells? Where is each kind located?
188. What
is Hobson's evidence that REM-on cells are indeed positively associated with
dreaming? Hint:
two
studies that involves neurotransmitters.
189. What
neurotransmitter is associated with REM-on cells?
190.* What is one
possible reason for REM sleep, according to Crick?
191.* What is the REM
rebound effect?
Qs 192–205 on hypnosis
are from Lecture Notes on Hypnosis (also available on the Psych 101 website)
192. How
is hypnotic suggestibility (also known as hypnotic ability) assessed?
193. How
good is the relationship among the various scales of hypnotic suggestibility?
194. How
consistent and stable is hypnotic suggestibility over the lifespan?
195. How
do children compare to adults in hypnotic suggestibility? Why might this be?
196. At
approximately what age does stable hypnotic suggestibility emerge?
197. Describe
the two clinical case studies of hypnosis presented in the lecture notes on
hypnosis (allergy patient, icthyosis patient).
198. In the allergy patient,
how was it demonstrated that the active ingredients of the allergy were still
present even though she showed no behavioral signs of the allergy?
199. What are
zone-specific effects? Why are
they convincing evidence that hypnotic effects are real? How do they relate to the issue of internal
validity?
200. What are
the problems with clinical case studies of hypnosis?
201. Describe
the Hilgard studies of hypnotic analgesia (pain relief) involving the cold
pressor test.
202. What
data in the Hilgard studies of hypnotic analgesia demonstrated that it was
hypnosis (rather than some individual difference) that was responsible for the
pain relief effect?
203. Are
the analgesic effects of hypnosis due to greater endorphin release? Describe an experiment that tested this
hypothesis. What were the results?
204. When
people are age-regressed, are their behaviors and memories veridical? Explain what goes on under hypnotic age
regression.
205. What
are the effects of hypnosis on the accuracy of memory? How about on the confidence in memory?
206. What
is the definition of learning?
207. Why
do we have to be careful in concluding that animal behavior that seems
intelligent/learned really is due to learning? Give some examples of animal behaviors that we could be
misinterpreting.
Question #207 is the last question that will be relevant to Midterm
#2. The remaining questions (208-237) will NOT be covered (we'll save them
for the Final Exam).
208. Describe
Pavlov's experiments.
209. Know
how to identify the various components in classical conditioning.
210. Know
the stages of classical conditioning.
211. How
can classical conditioning be used to cure enuresis (bedwetting)?
212. What
are the differences between classical conditioning and instrumental (operant)
conditioning?
213. Describe
what you would do to train an animal to perform complex behaviors.
214. What
is shaping? What are successive
approximations?
215. Know
the characteristics of the various schedules of reinforcement.
216. What
is the partial reinforcement effect?
What are some examples in everyday life?
217. How
can the principles of reinforcement explain how well-meaning parents attempting
to help their child get to sleep can inadvertently create a situation where the
child actually stays up for longer.
218. What
happens when you provide pigeons with fixed interval reinforcement?
219. How
does superstitious behavior emerge in pigeons and in people?
220. What
did Watson claim about the possibility of conditioning any stimulus to any
response?
221. How
did Garcia's studies concerning biological constraints in learning argue
against Watson's
broad
claims about learning?
222. Does
punishment work? Describe the
Freedman (1965) forbidden toy experiment.
223. What
is the overjustification effect?
What does it tell us about the costs of reward?
224. What
do the forbidden toy experiment and the overjustification effect experiment
suggest about using extrinsic rewards and punishments in raising children?
225. What
was Ebbinghaus's approach to the study of memory? Why did he use nonsense syllables?
226. What
was Bartlett's criticism of Ebbinghaus's approach? What was Bartlett's own approach? What kind of stimuli did he employ in his research?
227. Which
approach has been more influential in the modern studies of memory?
228. How
is information processing in a computer analogous to information processing in
a human? Describe the stages of
human information processing (encoding, storage, and retrieval).
229. Describe
the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory.
230. What
is a chunk?
231. How
many chunks can you retain in short-term memory?
232. When
do chess experts differ from chess novices in their memory for chess positions,
according to deGroot (1965)?
233. In
studies of free recall, what is the shape of the serial position curve?
234. What
is the primacy effect? What is the
recency effect? What accounts for
each of these effects?
235. What
kind of coding is used in STM?
What kind of coding is used in LTM?
236. What
experimental evidence is there that STM is acoustic?
237. What
is working memory?
Return to the Midterm #2 Home Page
Return to the Psych 101 Home Page